常用的焊接方法有哪些?

What are the commonly used welding methods?

　　手弧焊

Hand arc welding

　　手弧焊是各种电弧焊方法中发展早、目前仍然应用广的一种焊接方法。它是以外部涂有涂料的焊条作电极和填充金属，电弧是在焊条的端部和被焊工件表面之间燃烧。涂料在电弧热作用下一方面可以产生气体以保护电弧，另一方面可以产生熔渣覆盖在熔池表面，防止熔化金属与周围气体的相互作用。熔渣的更重要作用是与熔化金属产生物理化学反应或添加合金元素，改善焊缝金属性能。

Hand arc welding is the earliest developed and still the most widely used welding method among various arc welding methods. It uses a coated electrode as the electrode and filler metal, and the arc burns between the end of the electrode and the surface of the workpiece being welded. On the one hand, coatings can generate gas to protect the arc under the heat of the arc, and on the other hand, they can generate slag to cover the surface of the molten pool, preventing the interaction between the molten metal and the surrounding gas. The more important role of slag is to react physically and chemically with the molten metal or add alloying elements to improve the performance of the weld metal.

　　手弧焊设备简单、轻便，操作灵活。可以应用于维修及装配中的短缝的焊接，特别是可以用于难以达到的部位的焊接。手弧焊配用相应的焊条可适用于大多数工业用碳钢、不锈钢、铸铁、铜、铝、镍及其合金。

Hand arc welding equipment is simple, lightweight, and flexible to operate. It can be used for welding short seams in maintenance and assembly, especially for welding difficult to reach areas. Hand arc welding with corresponding welding rods can be applied to most industrial carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum, nickel and their alloys.

　　钨极气体保护电弧焊?

Tungsten gas shielded arc welding?

　　这是一种不熔化极气体保护电弧焊，是利用钨极和工件之间的电弧使金属熔化而形成焊缝的。焊接过程中钨极不熔化，只起电极的作用。同时由焊炬的喷嘴送进氩气或氦气作保护。还可根据需要另外添加金属（在国际上通称为TIG焊）。

This is a type of non melting gas shielded arc welding, which uses the arc between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece to melt the metal and form a weld. During the welding process, the tungsten electrode does not melt and only serves as an electrode. At the same time, argon or helium gas is fed into the nozzle of the welding torch for protection. Additional metals can also be added as needed (internationally known as TIG welding).

　　熔化极气体保护电弧焊

Melting gas shielded arc welding

　　这种焊接方法是利用连续送进的焊丝与工件之间燃烧的电弧作热源，由焊炬喷嘴喷出的气体保护电弧来进行焊接的。以惰性气体与氧化性气体（O 2 ，CO 2 ）混合气为保护气体时，或以CO 2 气体或CO 2 ＋O 2 混合气为保护气时，或以CO 2 气体或CO 2 ＋O 2 混合气为保护气时，统称为熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊（在国际上简称为MAG焊）。

This welding method uses the arc that burns between the continuously fed welding wire and the workpiece as a heat source, and the gas shielded arc sprayed out by the welding torch nozzle is used for welding. When a mixture of inert gas and oxidizing gas (O2, CO2) is used as the shielding gas, or when a mixture of CO2 gas or CO2+O2 is used as the shielding gas, or when a mixture of CO2 gas or CO2+O2 is used as the shielding gas, it is collectively referred to as MAG welding (abbreviated internationally as MAG welding).

　　熔化极气体保护电弧焊的主要优点是可以方便地进行各种位置的焊接，同时也具有焊接速度较快、熔敷率高等优点。

The main advantage of gas shielded arc welding is that it can easily perform welding in various positions, while also having the advantages of fast welding speed and high deposition rate.

　　等离子弧焊

Plasma arc welding

　　等离子弧焊也是一种不熔化极电弧焊。它是利用电极和工件之间地压缩电弧（叫转发转移电弧）实现焊接的。所用的电极通常是钨极。产生等离子弧的等离子气可用氩气、氮气、氦气或其中二者之混合气。同时还通过喷嘴用惰性气体保护。焊接时可以外加填充金属，也可以不加填充金属。

Plasma arc welding is also a type of non melting electrode arc welding. It achieves welding by compressing the arc between the electrode and the workpiece (called forwarding transfer arc). The electrodes used are usually tungsten electrodes. The plasma gas used to generate a plasma arc can be argon, nitrogen, helium, or a mixture of the two. At the same time, inert gas is used to protect the nozzle. Filler metal can be added or not during welding.

　　管状焊丝电弧焊

Tubular wire arc welding

　　管状焊丝电弧焊也是利用连续送进的焊丝与工件之间燃烧的电弧为热源来进行焊接的，可以认为是熔化极气体保护焊的一种类型。所使用的焊丝是管状焊丝，管内装有各种组分的焊剂。

Tubular wire arc welding is also a type of gas shielded metal welding that uses the continuously fed welding wire and the burning arc between the workpiece as the heat source for welding. The welding wire used is a tubular welding wire, which contains various components of flux inside the tube.

　　焊接时，外加保护气体，主要是CO 2 。焊剂受热分解或熔化，起着造渣保护溶池、渗合金及稳弧等作用。

When welding, apply a protective gas, mainly CO2. The flux undergoes thermal decomposition or melting, playing a role in slag formation, protecting the molten pool, alloying, and stabilizing the arc.

　　电阻焊

Resistance welding

　　这是以电阻热为能源的一类焊接方法，包括以熔渣电阻热为能源的电渣焊和以固体电阻热为能源的电阻焊。由于电渣焊更具有独特的特点，故放在后面介绍。这里主要介绍几种固体电阻热为能源的电阻焊，主要有点焊、缝焊、凸焊及对焊等。

This is a type of welding method that uses resistance heat as its energy source, including electroslag welding that uses slag resistance heat as its energy source and resistance welding that uses solid resistance heat as its energy source. Due to the unique characteristics of electroslag welding, it will be introduced later. This article mainly introduces several types of solid resistance welding using heat as energy, including spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, and butt welding.

　　电子束焊

Electron beam welding

　　电子束焊是以集中的高速电子束轰击工件表面时所产生的热能进行焊接的方法。激光焊

Electron beam welding is a welding method that uses the heat energy generated when a concentrated high-speed electron beam bombards the surface of a workpiece. Laser welding

　　激光焊是利用大功率相干单色光子流聚焦而成的激光束为热源进行的焊接。这种焊接方法通常有连续功率激光焊和脉冲功率激光焊。

Laser welding is a welding process that uses a laser beam focused by a high-power coherent monochromatic photon stream as the heat source. This welding method usually includes continuous power laser welding and pulse power laser welding.

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